Nei Humambo hweOttoman hwakadonha? Pakukwirira kwahwo, the Ottoman Empire a global powerhouse- kutenderera makondinendi matatu, kuraira nzira dzekutengeserana dzinobhadhara, nokuzvitutumadza a sophisticated administrative system uye mauto anotyisa.
Yaidzora maguta makuru akadai Constantinople (Istanbul), Cairo, uye Baghdad, uye akashanda sa tsika zambuko pakati peMabvazuva neMadokero.
Zvisinei, pasinei neizvi peak achievements, umambo hwakazopedzisira hwakundwa nea kuderera zvishoma nezvishoma. Kuwa kwaro kwakanga kusiri kwechimwe chete chiitiko chine njodzi asi musanganiswa we utera hwemukati, dzvinyiriro dzokunze, uye systemic shanduko kupfuuridza nguva.
Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kunopa zvidzidzo zvinokosha mu nhoroondo, zvematongerwo enyika, uye leaderh
Izvi zvakasanganiswa zvinhu zvinobatsira kupindura mubvunzo: sei Humambo hweOttoman hwakadonha?ip.
Huwori hwePakati pezvematongerwo enyika uye Kushaya simba kwekutonga - Nei Humambo hweOttoman Hwakadonha?
Nekufamba kwenguva, iyo Ottoman manejimendi system, yakamboshanda uye yakakodzera-yakavakirwa, yakatambudzwa nehuori nerusarura. Makiyi mapositi aiwedzera kupihwa kuburikidza nehukama hwemunhu kana chiokomuhomwe pane kugona. Chiremera chepakati chakadzikira sezvo kutonga kwaSultan kwakadzikira uye vane masimba venzvimbo vachiwana pesvedzero.
Muenzaniso wakakurumbira weizvi waiva panguva yekutonga kwa Sultan Ibrahim I (1640–1648), ane hutungamiriri hwakashata uye kuvimba nevakuru vedare vane huori zvakanetesa chiremera chehurumende uye zvakapedza pfuma. Kutadza kutonga kwakadaro kwakabvumira magavhuna ematunhu kukura achizvitonga, achikanganisa kubatana kweumambo.
- The Devshirme system, iyo yakambounza vanhu vane tarenda muhurumende nemauto, yakaderera mukubudirira.
- Magavhuna ematunhu aiwanzoita akazvimirira, achiisa pamberi pehupfumi hwevanhu pane kugadzikana kwenyika.
- Palace intrigue uye kazhinji kuchinja kwehutungamiriri zvakakonzera kusawirirana kwekutonga uye mutemo.
2. Kuderera Kwemauto uye Maitiro Akasakara
Mauto ekutanga eOttoman aive nehunyanzvi, kazhinji achitungamira nzira yekukomba matekiniki, kushandiswa kwepfuti, uye sangano revatasvi vemabhiza. Zvisinei, pakazosvika zana remakore rechi17 nerechi18, umambo hwacho hwakasara shure kwemasimba eEurope maererano nezvombo, chirango, uye kurovedza.
Migumisiro yekumira iyi yakava pachena muzviitiko zvakadai se Hondo yeLepanto (1571), apo mauto eOttoman akatambura kukundwa kukuru kurwisana nemubatanidzwa wemasimba eEurope. Izvi nezvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvakafanana zvakaratidza kusiyana kuri kukura pakati pehunyanzvi hwemauto eOttoman nevaya vanokwikwidza.
Migumisiro yemaitiro echinyakare yakava pachena muzviitiko zvakaita se Hondo yeLepanto (1571), apo mauto eOttoman akatambura kukundwa kukuru kurwisana nemubatanidzwa wemasimba eEurope. Izvi nezvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvakafanana zvakaratidza kusiyana kuri kukura pakati pehunyanzvi hwemauto eOttoman nevaya vanokwikwidza.
Mauto ekutanga eOttoman aive nehunyanzvi, asi nezana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi 18, humambo hwakasara shure kwemasimba eEurope maererano nezvombo, chirango, uye kudzidziswa.
- Aimbotyiwa Janissary Corps vakava vane pesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika asi vasingashandi muhondo, vachidzivisa kuvandudzwa kuti vadzivirire maropafadzo avo.
- Mauto eEurope akafambira mberi nekukurumidza panguva yeRevolution Revolution, achiwedzera gaka retekinoroji.
- Kusakwanisa kugadzirisa mauto emugungwa kwakasiya humambo hwava munjodzi yemasimba emugungwa akaita seBritain neRussia.
3. Kumira Kwehupfumi uye Kuchinja Kwenzira Yekutengeserana
Upfumi hwoumambo hwacho hwakanga hwagara huchitsamira pakudzora nzira dzokutengesera dzomunyika pakati peMabvazuva neMadokero. Zvisinei, the Zera Rokuongorora uye kuwanikwa kwenzira dzemugungwa dzinoenda kuAsia neAmerica kwakapfuura nharaunda dzaidzorwa neOttoman.
- Kurasikirwa kwekutonga pamusoro penzira dzakakosha dzekutengeserana kwakaderedza mari yetsika.
- Kunyanya kutsamira pakurima kwakasiya hupfumi huri munjodzi yekushanduka-shanduka mukurima zvirimwa uye njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga.
- Kukwira kwechikwereti kubva pakukwereta zvakanyanya kubva kuvakweretesi vekuEurope kwakadzamisa matambudziko emari.
- Industrialization muEurope yakaderedza kukwikwidza kweOttoman mukugadzira.
4. Kusimuka Kwenyika uye Kumukira Kwemukati
Zana remakore rechi19 rakaona kuwedzera kwourudzi pakati pemapoka emarudzi nezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana muumambo hwacho, zvichikuchidzirwa nezvinangwa zveChiedza uye kupindira kwevamiriri veEurope.
- VaGiriki, vaSerb, vaBulgaria, uye vaArmenia vakakurudzira rusununguko, kazhinji nerutsigiro rwemauto eEurope kana kuti zvematongerwe enyika.
- Kumukira kweNationalist kwakapedza zviwanikwa zvemauto nezvehupfumi.
- Kudzvinyirirwa kwokumukira kwaiwanzokonzera kuurayiwa kwevanhu vakawanda, zvichiwedzera kukanganisa mukurumbira wenyika dzakawanda woumambo hwacho.
Izvi zvishuvo zvehumambo kubva kune dzimwe nyika zvinopa imwe maonero ekuti nei Humambo hweOttoman hwakadonha.
5. European Imperialism uye "Mubvunzo wekuMabvazuva"
Humambo hweOttoman hwakazozivikanwa se“Anorwara Murume weEurope” muzana remakore rechi19, hurumende dzeEurope padzaiedza kushandisa utera hwayo kuti dzidzore nharaunda dzadzo.
- Russia yakasundidzira kutonga muBalkan uye kuwana zviteshi zvemvura inodziya.
- Britain neFrance dzakapindira kuti dzichengetedze zvido zvavo, kunyanya nezvenzira dzekutengeserana uye Suez Canal.
- Umambo hwacho hwaiwanzomanikidzirwa kuita zvibvumirano zvisina kuenzana uye kubvumirano dzenharaunda.
6. Kutadza Kuchinja Nenguva
nepo Tanzimat reforms (1839-1876) akaedza kugadzirisa hutongi hwehumambo, hurongwa hwemutemo, uye mauto, kuedza uku kwakange kusingaenderane uye kwakasangana nekupokana kwakasimba.
- Shanduko hadzina kuitwa zvakaenzana mumatunhu ese.
- Mapato anochengetedza akapikisa kuchinja kwemaitiro ekuMadokero.
- Kusafambiswa zvakanaka kwemari uye kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakaganhurira kushanda kwezvirongwa zvechizvino-zvino.
7. Kupesvedzera kweHondo Yenyika I
Kurova kwekupedzisira kwakauya munguva yeHondo Yenyika I, apo Humambo hweOttoman hwakabatana neCentral Powers. Iyi mhedziso yekumanikidza inobatsira kutsanangura kuti nei Humambo hweOttoman hwakadonha.
- Kukundwa muhondo kwakakonzera kutorwa kwemaguta makuru uye kugovaniswa kwenzvimbo pasi peChibvumirano cheSèvres (1920).
- Mauto eNationalist, achitungamirwa naMustafa Kemal Atatürk, akatanga Hondo yeTurkey yerusununguko, zvichikonzera kugadzwa kweRepublic of Turkey muna 1923.
- Nyika dzaichimbova dzeOttoman muMiddle East, Balkan, uye North Africa dzakakamurwa pakati pemasimba eEurope.
Kugadziriswa
Kudonha kweHumambo hweOttoman kwaive muitiro wepashoma nepashoma wakaumbwa nekuora kwemukati, mikana yakarasika yekuvandudza, kusimuka kweurudzi, uye kumanikidza kusingadzoreki kweEuropean imperialism. Nyaya yaro chiyeuchidzo chekuti humambo, kunyangwe hukuru sei, haugone kutsungirira pasina kuvandudzwa kunoenderera, kubatana, uye kujairana nenguva.
Kana tichifunga kuti nei Humambo hweOttoman hwakadonha, zvinova pachena kuti izvi zvakaomarara zvemagariro, zvematongerwo enyika, uye zvehupfumi zvinhu zvese zvakakonzera kudzikira kwekupedzisira. Pakupedzisira, vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanoramba vachiongorora kuti sei Humambo hweOttoman hwakadonha uye kutora zvidzidzo kubva munyaya yahwo.n