Kwemazana emakore, Hagia Sophia yakamira seimwe yeakanyanya iconic landmarks munhoroondo yevanhu, mesmerizing vashanyi vanobva kumativi ose enyika.
Inowanikwa mumoyo we Istanbul, Teki, ichi chivakwa cheunyanzvi chinopfuura chivakwa chekare. Nyaya yaro ishongwe yakarukwa nenhau, tsika, chitendero, uye unyanzvi.
Kunyange zvichibva zvazivikanwa, pane mukana wakanaka wekuti hauzive zvakavanzika zvayo zvese. Heano zvinhu zvinonakidza, zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezve Hagia Sophia izvo zvinokupa kuonga kutsva kweichi chimiro chinotyisa.
1. Yakanga isingawanzonzi Hagia Sophia
kunyange zvazvo "Hagia Sophia" inoshandura ku “Uchenjeri Hutsvene” muchiGiriki, chimiro chemufananidzo chave chichizivikanwa nemazita akati wandei munhoroondo yaro yakapfuma. Yakavakwa mukati 537 AD panguva yekutonga kwa Mambo Justinian I, iyi dhizaini yekuvaka yaimbova kathedral yechiKristu uye yainzi iyo Megale Ekklesia (kana “Chechi huru”) nekuda kwehukuru hwayo uye kukosha mukati meiyo Byzantine Empire.
apo Constantinople akawira ku Ottomans in 1453, Sultan Mehmed II akashandura cathedral kuita mosque, akaitumidza zita Hagia Sophia. Munguva iyi, maitiro echiIslam akadai seminarets, mihrab, uye minbar akawedzerwa, kusanganisa Byzantine Christian uye Ottoman Islamic zvokuvaka zvinhu.
In 1935, zvichitevera kugadzwa kwe Republic of Turkey uye pasi pehutungamiriri hwe Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, Hagia Sophia yakashandurwa kuita museum, kufananidzira nyika uye nhaka yetsika. Zvisinei, mu 2020, yakanzizve mosque, zvichiratidza kukosha kwayo kunoenderera mberi kwechitendero nenhoroondo.
Nhasi, zita rayo repamutemo richiripo Hagia Sophia, asi zvarinoreva nenhaka zvinodarika mutauro, chitendero, uye nguva, zvichishanda sechiratidzo chekusangana kwetsika nenhoroondo.
2. Zvakatora isingasviki 6 Makore Kuvaka
Kusiyana nezvakawanda zvekare zvekuvaka zvinoshamisa, izvo zvaiwanzotora makumi emakore kana mazana emakore kuti apedze. Hagia Sophia yakavakwa mumakore mashanu chete, kubva Muna 532 AD to 537, pasi pemirairo yaMambo Justinian I. Ichi chinoshamisa chakaitwa kuburikidza nekuedza kwevashandi zviuru gumi, kushanda nesimba pasi pekutungamirirwa kwevaviri vakajeka. architects, Isidore weMireto uye Anthemius yeTralle-vanozivikanwa nehunyanzvi hwavo hwemasvomhu nehuinjiniya.
Hukuru hwakazara uye hukuru hwe Hagia Sophia ita kuti nguva iyi iite chishamiso. Ichifamba nedome yakakura yepakati ine dhayamita inodarika 30 metres, dhizaini yayo yaive yepasi panguva yayo, ichibatanidza. Roman engineering matekiniki ane innovative Byzantine aesthetics. Chimiro ichi chaisanganisira musanganiswa wezvinhu zvekuvaka, zvakaita semarble, goridhe, nemifananidzo, zvakatorwa kubva muhumambo hwese, zvichiratidza simba nehupfumi hweiyo. Byzantine Empire.
Kugadzirisa kuvaka nekukurumidza, vashandi vakakamurwa kuita zvikwata zvine hunyanzvi, chimwe nechimwe chichitarisa pane zvakasiyana zvekuvaka, kuve nechokwadi chekushanda pasina kukanganisa kunaka. Pasinei nekumhanya kwayo, Hagia Sophia rinoramba riri hunyanzvi hweinjiniya nemagadzirirwo ekare, rakamira seuchapupu hwehungwaru hwevanhu uye vavariro.
3. Yakapona Kudengenyeka Kwepasi Kwemazana Amakore
Nzvimbo ye Hagia Sophia inogara mukati menzvimbo yekudengenyeka kwenyika, zvichiita kuti ive nyore nyore kudengenyeka uye kudengenyeka kwemazana emakore.
Nenzira inoshamisa, panzvimbo pokutera kumasimba omusikirwo, yakatsungirira muedzo wenguva, nemhaka younyanzvi hwounyanzvi hwokuvaka hunoshandiswa nevavaki vahwo. Kuvaka kwaisanganisira dhaka rakakosha uye zvidhinha zvisingaremi kuti zvideredze kunetsa pachimiro, ukuwo maarch anochinjika nemakoramu aibata seismic shocks.
Iyo dome, kunyanya, yanga iri nzvimbo yekuyedza kuvaka patsva zvichitevera kukuvara kubva mukudengenyeka kukuru kwepasi 558, 989, uye 1344. Nguva imwe neimwe, vagadziri vezvivakwa vakanatsa magadzirirwo ayo, vachishandisa nzira dzepamusoro kuti vawedzere kugadzikana kwayo. Izvi zvitsva zvakave nechokwadi chekusimba kwayo, zvichiita kuti ive imwe yezviratidzo zvisingaperi zvekupenya kwekuvaka.
4. Iyo Dome Yaive Feat yeInjiniya Genius
The dome yeHagia Sophia chaive chiitiko chinokatyamadza munhoroondo yekuvaka, kazhinji inorumbidzwa seimwe yebudiriro huru dzeinjiniya yekare. Iine dhayamita inokatyamadza yemamita 31 (mafiti 102) uye ichikwira kusvika paurefu hwemamita 55.6 (mafiti 182) pamusoro pevhu, denga racho rinoita serinoyangarara zvisina huremu pakati pemhepo.
Kunyepa kwekusarema uku kunowanikwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwe *pendentives* —zvikamu zvetriangular zvebhora rinoshandiswa kushandura huremu hwedenderedzwa redhomu kuenda kune sikweya base pazasi. Izvi zvimiro zvinogovera zvakaenzana huremu hukuru hwedome, zvichideredza kushushikana pamadziro. Kuti iwedzere kugadzikana kwayo, zvinhu zvakareruka senge zvidhinha zvakasarudzika kubva kuchitsuwa cheRhodes zvakashandiswa mukuvakwa kwayo.
Panguva yekupedzwa kwayo, dome yakaonekwa sechishamiso chekuvandudza, ichipesvedzera dhizaini yezvivakwa zvisingaverengeki zvine domed mune ese ari maviri. mukristu uye Islamic nyika. The Architects, Anthemius yeTralles uye Isidore weMireto, vachiri kupembererwa nhasi nekuda kwechiono chavo chekuchinja.
5. Mavara Akavanzika eVavaki Anoramba
Mukati memadziro e Hagia Sophia, zvisaririra zvevanhu vakaivaka zvichiri kuoneka, zvichipa muono weupenyu hwevakaigadzira. Zvakapararira muchivako chacho mune zvinyorwa zvisina kusimba uye zviratidzo zvakasiiwa nemhizha, vagadziri vezvivakwa, uye kunyange vashanyi kwemazana emakore.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokatyamadza zvakawanikwa ndeye nhevedzano yezvinyorwa zvekare zveNorse runic zvinotendwa kuve zvakavezwa ne Viking varindi uyo akashanda muByzantine Emperor's elite Varangian Guard. Izvi zvakanyorwa zvinosanganisira mitsara yakaita sekuti "Halvdan yanga iri pano," zvichiratidza kubatana kwetsika kwakasiyana kweHumambo hweByzantine.
Uyezve, michinjikwa midiki yakamisikidzwa Byzantine vashandi uye zvimwe zvakavezwa zvinoratidzira kubata kwemunhu kwakasiiwa nevashandi vakashanda pachimiro. Aya mavara akavanzwa anotaura nyaya yemunhu, achiwedzera imwe nhanho yehudzamu kunhoroondo yaHagia Sophia yatove yakapfuma.
6. Yave Yese Chechi uye Mosque
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonakidza zvikuru zve Hagia Sophia inhaka yaro yakapfuma yechitendero, iyo inoratidza kuchinja kwemafungu enhau mu Constantinople (yemazuva ano Istanbul). Kwemakore anoda kusvika 1,000 XNUMX, ndiyo yakanga iri kereke huru uye inokosha zvikuru yechiKristu muchechi Byzantine Empire, kushanda semuzinda wechiKristu cheEastern Orthodox uye kuita mhemberero huru, kusanganisira kugadzwa kwemadzimambo.
Mushure mekukunda kweOttoman kwe Constantinople Mu 1453, Sultan Mehmed II akaishandura kuita musikiti. Kuti kunamata kwechiIslam kuenderane, minareti yakawedzerwa, pamwe chete nemihrab (niche yemunamato) uye mapaneru echiIslamic calligraphy. Nekudaro, mazhinji echiKristu mamozaic nemifananidzo zvakachengetwa pasi pepurasita, zvichiratidza kusanganiswa kwakasiyana kwetsika dzechitendero.
Hagia Sophia's mbiri mbiri sekereke uye mosque inoita kuti ive chiratidzo chekugarisana uye shanduko, inosanganisira mazana emakore echitendero netsika nhoroondo.
7. Zvinyorwa Zvayo Zvakavanzwa Kwemazana Amakore
apo Hagia Sophia yakashandurwa kuita mosque, mazhinji emhando dzayo dzinoshamisa dzechiKristu dzakanamwa pamusoro kana kuvharwa nezvinyorwa zvechiIslam uye kushongedzwa zvinoenderana netsika dzechiIslam dzekunzvenga hunyanzvi hwekufananidzira muzvivakwa zvechitendero.
Mishonga iyi, iyo yakanga yakashongedza madziro, sirin'i, uye denga kwemazana emakore, yakaramba yakavanzwa kuti isaonekwa kusvikira. Hagia Sophia yakashandurwa kuita museum muna 1935 vachitungamirirwa na Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, muvambi weTurkey yemazuva ano. Nhamburiko dzekudzorera dzakaratidza mifananidzo inoshamisa yevanhu vechitendero, kusanganisira Kristu Pantocrator, ivo Mhandara Mariya, uye maserafimi engirozi.
Nhasi, aya ma mosaic anonyanya kukosha kune vashanyi, achipa muchidimbu mukunaka kweunyanzvi hweByzantine uye hupfumi hwetsika dzeHagia Sophia. Kuwanikwa kwavo patsva kwakadzora kukoshesa kwehunyanzvi hwekuvaka uye kukosha kwenhoroondo, zvichiita kuti ive nzvimbo inofanirwa kuona kune vafambi nevanyori venhoroondo zvakafanana.
8. Column Yekuchema Inobata Masimba Anoshamisa
Pakati pezvinhu zvakawanda zvakasiyana zve Hagia Sophia ndiye ane mukurumbira "Weeping Column," anonziwo "Perspiring Column." Iyi mbiru yemarble inonakidza inomira kunze ine kaburi kadiki, uko vashanyi vanogona kupinza chigunwe chavo. Maererano nengano yeko, kuisa chigunwe chako mugomba, kuchitenderedza madhigirii 360, uye kuita chishuwo kunogona kuunza rombo rakanaka—kana kunyange kuporesa kunoshamisa.
Nzvimbo yekoramu inogara yakanyorova yakafadza vashanyi kwemazana emakore, ichiwedzera mweya wezvakavanzika kunzvimbo iyi. Vamwe vanotenda kuti hunyoro hunobva kumvura yepasi pevhu, nepo vamwe vachifunga kuti kune condensation inokonzerwa neyakasiyana dhizaini uye mamiriro ekunze mukati mechivako. Zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo zvinoratidza kuti koramu inogona kunge yaive chikamu chezvimiro zvekare, zvichiwedzera kune enigmatic aura. Nhasi, inoramba iri imwe ye Hagia Sophia's zvakanyanya kushanyirwa uye kutaura-nezve maficha, kukwezva vashanyi vane shungu dzekuona masimba ayo ane mukurumbira uye kubatana nenhoroondo yayo yakapfuma.
9. Yakanga Yaimbova Cathedral Yakakura Panyika
Kwemakore anoda kusvika chiuru, Hagia Sophia muIstanbul, Turkey, yakanga ine zita rechechi hurusa munyika. Yakavakwa muna 537 AD panguva yekutonga kwaMambo Justinian I, yakanga iri chishamiso chekuvaka cheByzantine Empire, ichibatanidza denga guru, mifananidzo yakaoma kunzwisisa, uye hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza mainjiniya.
Yakanga isiri kusvika 1520, nekupedzwa kwe Seville Cathedral in Speini, kuti chinyorwa chayo chakapfuura. Seville Cathedral, yakavakwa muchimiro cheGothic, yakazozivikanwa nehukuru hwayo, kusanganisira Giralda tower nenzvimbo yayo yemukati yakakura.
Kunyangwe yarasikirwa nemusoro wayo, Hagia Sophia chinoramba chiri chimwe chezvimiro zvechitendero zvikurusa munhoroondo uye chiratidzo chebudiriro yetsika nemagariro. Kwemazana emakore, yakashanda sekereke yeEastern Orthodox, mosque yeOttoman, uye ikozvino museum, inomiririra musanganiswa wakapfuma wechiKristu neIslam.
10. Yakadzokera kuMidzi Yayo muna 2020
Hagia Sophia ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kukosha munyika, inopembererwa nehukuru hwekuvaka uye kukosha kwenhoroondo. Pakutanga yakavakwa 537 AD panguva Byzantine Empire secathedral, yaive kereke huru yechiKristu yenguva yayo. Mushure me Ottoman kukunda kwe Constantinople in 1453, yakachinjwa kuva mosque, zvichiratidza kuchinja kwayo kuva chiratidzo chetsika dzechiIslam.
In 1935, pasi pekuvandudzwa kwenyika kwe Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, yakachinjwa kuva miziyamu, ichifananidzira kugarisana kwetsika nezvitendero. Kwemakumi emakore, izvozvo yakakwezva mamiriyoni evashanyi kubva kumativi ose enyika, kuva a UNESCO World Heritage Site uye uchapupu hwenhaka yayo yenhoroondo.
Zvisinei, in 2020, yakadzoserwa kuita mosque, sarudzo yakamutsa gakava repasi rose uye maitiro akasiyana. Nhasi, minyengetero yezuva nezuva inoitwa mukati memadziro aro, asi inoramba yakazaruka kuvoruzhinji, pasinei zvapo nechitendero. Vashanyi vanogona kuyemura mamosaics ayo anokatyamadza, akaomesesa calligraphy, uye kusanganiswa kweChristian neIslam art uye zvivakwa. Hagia Sophia inoramba ichimira sepfuma yepasi rose uye bhiriji rinobatanidza nyika dzakasiyana, tsika, uye nhoroondo.
11. MaViking Akasiya Mucherechedzo Wavo Pamadziro Awo
Pakati pezvinhu zvakawanda zvinokatyamadza zviri mukati Hagia Sophia zvinyorwa zverunic zvinotendwa kuve zvakavezwa Viking mercenaries, anozivikanwa se Varangians, avo vaishanda sevarindi vepamusoro madzimambo eByzantine.
Varwi ava, vaizivikanwa nekuvimbika kwavo uye nehunyanzvi hwavo, vakafamba kubva Northern Europe to Constantinople (mazuva ano Istanbul) kuti vape mabasa avo, vachigadzira yaizivikanwa se Varangian Guard.
Mumwe wemienzaniso inonyanya kuzivikanwa yeiyi graffiti chinyorwa chinongoti, "Halfdan aive pano.” Nyanzvi dzinodavira izvozvo halfdan, zvichida a Varangian guard, akasiya mucherechedzo uyu kuti asafadze kuvepo kwake mune chimwe chezvimiro zvemufananidzo zve Byzantine Empire.
Ichi chidiki, chemazana emakore chekuveza chinoshanda sekubatana kunonakidza pakati pe Nyika yeNorse uye Byzantine Empire, ichipa rumbonera rwoupenyu hweava varwi vakashinga vakafamba nzendo huru ndokusiya zviratidzo zvokuvapo kwavo munhau.
12. A Center for Scientific and Mathematics Study
Hagia Sophia yakanga isiri nzvimbo yekunamatira chete asiwo nzvimbo yekudzidza nekuvandudza panguva ye Nguva yeByzantine.
Nyanzvi dzeMasvomhu nenyanzvi dzefizikisi dzakadzidza maacoustic echivakwa ichi, vachishamiswa nemafambisirwo akaitwa ruzha munzvimbo yakakura. Mainjiniya akaongorora nzira dzayo dzekuvaka, dzakadai sekushandiswa kwemapendenti kutsigira denga rakakura, iro rakapesvedzera magadzirirwo ezvivakwa kwemazana emakore.
Zvidzidzo izvi hazvina kungosimudzira nzwisiso yezvivakwa asi zvakabatsirawo mubudiriro muminda yakaita sefizikisi nejeometry.
13. Ngano Dzinoshamisa Dzakawanda
Hagia Sophia yakanyura mungano dzisinganzwisisike dzave dzichishamisa vashanyi kwemazana emakore.
Nhau dzinotaura nezvemakanjere aichimbova akavhenekera ari oga, sokunge kupfurikidza nokupindira kwoumwari, uye chiedza chinopenya chaizopenya chichibva mudenga, chinofananidzira kuvapo kwokudenga. Imwe ngano yakakurumbira inorondedzera kuti dome rakatsigirwa sei nenzira inoshamisa nemasimba engirozi mukati mokuvaka pashure pokunge rapotsa radhirika.
Ngano idzi dzakawedzera kune inotyisa uye imwe nyika mamiriro ekunze Hagia Sophia, kutora mapilgrim nevashanyi vanobva kumativi ese enyika.
14. Kupesvedzera Kwekuvaka Munyika Yose
Maitiro matsva anoshandiswa kugadzira Hagia Sophia's Grand dome yakasiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki pakuvaka kwenyika.
Kushandiswa kwemapendenti kushandura huremu hwedome kuenda kuma pier mana akasimba kwakave shanduko yenguva yayo. Iyi nzira yakafuridzira zvisingaverengeki zvimiro zvemifananidzo, kubva ku Bhuruu Mosque in Istanbul, iyo inoungira huwandu hwayo hukuru, ku Basilica yaSt in Roma, ane dome inokwereta kubva kuhunyanzvi hweinjiniya hwe Hagia Sophia.
Simba rayo rinogona kuonekwa mumachechi, mamosque, uye zvivakwa zveveruzhinji mhiri Europe, ivo Middle East, uye mberi.
15. Host kune Coronations uye Nhoroondo Zviitiko
Kwemazana emakore, Hagia Sophia waive moyo unorwadza Byzantine hupenyu hweveruzhinji nehumambo. Yakashanda senzvimbo yokugadzwa kukuru kwamambo, uko madzimambo aipfekedzwa korona mumitambo mikuru pasi pedenga rawo rakanga richikwira mudenga.
Michato yehumambo, zviziviso zvehurumende, uye makanzuru ezvitendero zvakaitirwawo muno, zvichisimbisa basa rayo senzvimbo yesimba netsika.
Kunyangwe mushure mekudonha kwe Constantinople, yakachengeta kukosha kwayo kwekare, ikava mosque uye gare gare miziyamu, ichichengetedza nhaka yayo semugamuchiri wezviitiko zvakakosha zvakaumba nhoroondo.
Nhasi, kufamba nomuhoro dzayo kwakafanana nokudzokera shure munguva kuti ndipupurire mazana amakore ebudiriro norukuru rwomunhu.
